Stomach Ulcer: Causes and Early Symptoms Explained by Experts

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is an open sore that develops on the inner lining of the stomach or the small intestine (duodenal ulcer). It occurs when the protective mucus layer that shields the stomach from digestive acids is weakened or damaged, allowing the acid to erode the lining and cause painful wounds.

The most common cause of stomach ulcers is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which inflames and damages the stomach lining. Chronic use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, is another major contributor by irritating the stomach lining and preventing its repair.

Other risk factors include excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, genetic predisposition, stress, and unhealthy eating habits, although stress and diet do not cause ulcers directly. In rare cases, conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can increase stomach acid production, leading to ulcers.

Early symptoms of ulcers typically include a burning or gnawing pain in the middle of the abdomen, which may worsen on an empty stomach or at night. Additional signs include nausea, vomiting, bloating, belching, loss of appetite, and feeling of fullness. Severe cases may present with black or tarry stools, vomiting blood, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue, signaling complications that require urgent medical attention.

For diagnosis, doctors may recommend endoscopy or tests for H. pylori infection through blood, breath, or stool tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate H. pylori, along with medications to reduce stomach acid and protect the lining. Lifestyle adjustments such as avoiding NSAIDs, limiting alcohol and smoking, eating balanced meals, and managing stress are also crucial.

Prompt recognition and treatment of stomach ulcers are essential to prevent complications such as bleeding, perforation, or infections. Consulting a healthcare provider at the earliest signs can ensure effective management and healing of ulcers.